[25] | 1 | '\" |
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| 2 | '\" Copyright (c) 1994-1997 Sun Microsystems, Inc. |
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| 3 | '\" |
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| 4 | '\" See the file "license.terms" for information on usage and redistribution |
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| 5 | '\" of this file, and for a DISCLAIMER OF ALL WARRANTIES. |
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| 6 | '\" |
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| 7 | '\" RCS: @(#) $Id: StringObj.3,v 1.26 2007/12/13 15:22:32 dgp Exp $ |
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| 8 | '\" |
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| 9 | .so man.macros |
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| 10 | .TH Tcl_StringObj 3 8.1 Tcl "Tcl Library Procedures" |
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| 11 | .BS |
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| 12 | .SH NAME |
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| 13 | Tcl_NewStringObj, Tcl_NewUnicodeObj, Tcl_SetStringObj, Tcl_SetUnicodeObj, Tcl_GetStringFromObj, Tcl_GetString, Tcl_GetUnicodeFromObj, Tcl_GetUnicode, Tcl_GetUniChar, Tcl_GetCharLength, Tcl_GetRange, Tcl_AppendToObj, Tcl_AppendUnicodeToObj, Tcl_AppendObjToObj, Tcl_AppendStringsToObj, Tcl_AppendStringsToObjVA, Tcl_AppendLimitedToObj, Tcl_Format, Tcl_AppendFormatToObj, Tcl_ObjPrintf, Tcl_AppendPrintfToObj, Tcl_SetObjLength, Tcl_AttemptSetObjLength, Tcl_ConcatObj \- manipulate Tcl objects as strings |
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| 14 | .SH SYNOPSIS |
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| 15 | .nf |
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| 16 | \fB#include <tcl.h>\fR |
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| 17 | .sp |
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| 18 | Tcl_Obj * |
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| 19 | \fBTcl_NewStringObj\fR(\fIbytes, length\fR) |
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| 20 | .sp |
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| 21 | Tcl_Obj * |
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| 22 | \fBTcl_NewUnicodeObj\fR(\fIunicode, numChars\fR) |
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| 23 | .sp |
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| 24 | void |
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| 25 | \fBTcl_SetStringObj\fR(\fIobjPtr, bytes, length\fR) |
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| 26 | .sp |
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| 27 | void |
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| 28 | \fBTcl_SetUnicodeObj\fR(\fIobjPtr, unicode, numChars\fR) |
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| 29 | .sp |
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| 30 | char * |
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| 31 | \fBTcl_GetStringFromObj\fR(\fIobjPtr, lengthPtr\fR) |
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| 32 | .sp |
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| 33 | char * |
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| 34 | \fBTcl_GetString\fR(\fIobjPtr\fR) |
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| 35 | .sp |
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| 36 | Tcl_UniChar * |
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| 37 | \fBTcl_GetUnicodeFromObj\fR(\fIobjPtr, lengthPtr\fR) |
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| 38 | .sp |
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| 39 | Tcl_UniChar * |
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| 40 | \fBTcl_GetUnicode\fR(\fIobjPtr\fR) |
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| 41 | .sp |
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| 42 | Tcl_UniChar |
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| 43 | \fBTcl_GetUniChar\fR(\fIobjPtr, index\fR) |
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| 44 | .sp |
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| 45 | int |
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| 46 | \fBTcl_GetCharLength\fR(\fIobjPtr\fR) |
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| 47 | .sp |
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| 48 | Tcl_Obj * |
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| 49 | \fBTcl_GetRange\fR(\fIobjPtr, first, last\fR) |
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| 50 | .sp |
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| 51 | void |
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| 52 | \fBTcl_AppendToObj\fR(\fIobjPtr, bytes, length\fR) |
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| 53 | .sp |
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| 54 | void |
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| 55 | \fBTcl_AppendUnicodeToObj\fR(\fIobjPtr, unicode, numChars\fR) |
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| 56 | .sp |
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| 57 | void |
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| 58 | \fBTcl_AppendObjToObj\fR(\fIobjPtr, appendObjPtr\fR) |
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| 59 | .sp |
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| 60 | void |
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| 61 | \fBTcl_AppendStringsToObj\fR(\fIobjPtr, string, string, ... \fB(char *) NULL\fR) |
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| 62 | .sp |
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| 63 | void |
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| 64 | \fBTcl_AppendStringsToObjVA\fR(\fIobjPtr, argList\fR) |
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| 65 | .VS 8.5 |
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| 66 | .sp |
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| 67 | void |
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| 68 | \fBTcl_AppendLimitedToObj\fR(\fIobjPtr, bytes, length, limit, ellipsis\fR) |
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| 69 | .sp |
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| 70 | Tcl_Obj * |
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| 71 | \fBTcl_Format\fR(\fIinterp, format, objc, objv\fR) |
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| 72 | .sp |
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| 73 | int |
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| 74 | \fBTcl_AppendFormatToObj\fR(\fIinterp, objPtr, format, objc, objv\fR) |
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| 75 | .sp |
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| 76 | Tcl_Obj * |
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| 77 | \fBTcl_ObjPrintf\fR(\fIformat, ...\fR) |
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| 78 | .sp |
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| 79 | int |
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| 80 | \fBTcl_AppendPrintfToObj\fR(\fIobjPtr, format, ...\fR) |
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| 81 | .VE 8.5 |
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| 82 | .sp |
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| 83 | void |
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| 84 | \fBTcl_SetObjLength\fR(\fIobjPtr, newLength\fR) |
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| 85 | .sp |
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| 86 | int |
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| 87 | \fBTcl_AttemptSetObjLength\fR(\fIobjPtr, newLength\fR) |
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| 88 | .sp |
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| 89 | Tcl_Obj * |
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| 90 | \fBTcl_ConcatObj\fR(\fIobjc, objv\fR) |
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| 91 | .SH ARGUMENTS |
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| 92 | .AS "const Tcl_UniChar" *appendObjPtr in/out |
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| 93 | .AP "const char" *bytes in |
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| 94 | Points to the first byte of an array of UTF-8-encoded bytes |
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| 95 | used to set or append to a string object. |
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| 96 | This byte array may contain embedded null characters |
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| 97 | unless \fInumChars\fR is negative. (Applications needing null bytes |
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| 98 | should represent them as the two-byte sequence \fI\e700\e600\fR, use |
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| 99 | \fBTcl_ExternalToUtf\fR to convert, or \fBTcl_NewByteArrayObj\fR if |
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| 100 | the string is a collection of uninterpreted bytes.) |
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| 101 | .AP int length in |
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| 102 | The number of bytes to copy from \fIbytes\fR when |
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| 103 | initializing, setting, or appending to a string object. |
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| 104 | If negative, all bytes up to the first null are used. |
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| 105 | .AP "const Tcl_UniChar" *unicode in |
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| 106 | Points to the first byte of an array of Unicode characters |
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| 107 | used to set or append to a string object. |
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| 108 | This byte array may contain embedded null characters |
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| 109 | unless \fInumChars\fR is negative. |
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| 110 | .AP int numChars in |
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| 111 | The number of Unicode characters to copy from \fIunicode\fR when |
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| 112 | initializing, setting, or appending to a string object. |
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| 113 | If negative, all characters up to the first null character are used. |
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| 114 | .AP int index in |
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| 115 | The index of the Unicode character to return. |
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| 116 | .AP int first in |
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| 117 | The index of the first Unicode character in the Unicode range to be |
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| 118 | returned as a new object. |
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| 119 | .AP int last in |
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| 120 | The index of the last Unicode character in the Unicode range to be |
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| 121 | returned as a new object. |
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| 122 | .AP Tcl_Obj *objPtr in/out |
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| 123 | Points to an object to manipulate. |
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| 124 | .AP Tcl_Obj *appendObjPtr in |
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| 125 | The object to append to \fIobjPtr\fR in \fBTcl_AppendObjToObj\fR. |
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| 126 | .AP int *lengthPtr out |
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| 127 | If non-NULL, the location where \fBTcl_GetStringFromObj\fR will store |
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| 128 | the length of an object's string representation. |
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| 129 | .AP "const char" *string in |
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| 130 | Null-terminated string value to append to \fIobjPtr\fR. |
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| 131 | .AP va_list argList in |
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| 132 | An argument list which must have been initialised using |
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| 133 | \fBva_start\fR, and cleared using \fBva_end\fR. |
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| 134 | .AP int limit in |
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| 135 | Maximum number of bytes to be appended. |
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| 136 | .AP "const char" *ellipsis in |
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| 137 | Suffix to append when the limit leads to string truncation. |
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| 138 | If NULL is passed then the suffix "..." is used. |
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| 139 | .AP "const char" *format in |
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| 140 | Format control string including % conversion specifiers. |
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| 141 | .AP int objc in |
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| 142 | The number of elements to format or concatenate. |
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| 143 | .AP Tcl_Obj *objv[] in |
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| 144 | The array of objects to format or concatenate. |
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| 145 | .AP int newLength in |
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| 146 | New length for the string value of \fIobjPtr\fR, not including the |
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| 147 | final null character. |
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| 148 | .BE |
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| 149 | |
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| 150 | .SH DESCRIPTION |
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| 151 | .PP |
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| 152 | The procedures described in this manual entry allow Tcl objects to |
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| 153 | be manipulated as string values. They use the internal representation |
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| 154 | of the object to store additional information to make the string |
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| 155 | manipulations more efficient. In particular, they make a series of |
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| 156 | append operations efficient by allocating extra storage space for the |
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| 157 | string so that it does not have to be copied for each append. |
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| 158 | Also, indexing and length computations are optimized because the |
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| 159 | Unicode string representation is calculated and cached as needed. |
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| 160 | When using the \fBTcl_Append*\fR family of functions where the |
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| 161 | interpreter's result is the object being appended to, it is important |
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| 162 | to call Tcl_ResetResult first to ensure you are not unintentionally |
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| 163 | appending to existing data in the result object. |
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| 164 | .PP |
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| 165 | \fBTcl_NewStringObj\fR and \fBTcl_SetStringObj\fR create a new object |
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| 166 | or modify an existing object to hold a copy of the string given by |
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| 167 | \fIbytes\fR and \fIlength\fR. \fBTcl_NewUnicodeObj\fR and |
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| 168 | \fBTcl_SetUnicodeObj\fR create a new object or modify an existing |
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| 169 | object to hold a copy of the Unicode string given by \fIunicode\fR and |
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| 170 | \fInumChars\fR. \fBTcl_NewStringObj\fR and \fBTcl_NewUnicodeObj\fR |
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| 171 | return a pointer to a newly created object with reference count zero. |
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| 172 | All four procedures set the object to hold a copy of the specified |
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| 173 | string. \fBTcl_SetStringObj\fR and \fBTcl_SetUnicodeObj\fR free any |
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| 174 | old string representation as well as any old internal representation |
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| 175 | of the object. |
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| 176 | .PP |
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| 177 | \fBTcl_GetStringFromObj\fR and \fBTcl_GetString\fR return an object's |
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| 178 | string representation. This is given by the returned byte pointer and |
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| 179 | (for \fBTcl_GetStringFromObj\fR) length, which is stored in |
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| 180 | \fIlengthPtr\fR if it is non-NULL. If the object's UTF string |
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| 181 | representation is invalid (its byte pointer is NULL), the string |
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| 182 | representation is regenerated from the object's internal |
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| 183 | representation. The storage referenced by the returned byte pointer |
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| 184 | is owned by the object manager. It is passed back as a writable |
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| 185 | pointer so that extension author creating their own \fBTcl_ObjType\fR |
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| 186 | will be able to modify the string representation within the |
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| 187 | \fBTcl_UpdateStringProc\fR of their \fBTcl_ObjType\fR. Except for that |
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| 188 | limited purpose, the pointer returned by \fBTcl_GetStringFromObj\fR |
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| 189 | or \fBTcl_GetString\fR should be treated as read-only. It is |
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| 190 | recommended that this pointer be assigned to a (const char *) variable. |
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| 191 | Even in the limited situations where writing to this pointer is |
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| 192 | acceptable, one should take care to respect the copy-on-write |
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| 193 | semantics required by \fBTcl_Obj\fR's, with appropriate calls |
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| 194 | to \fBTcl_IsShared\fR and \fBTcl_DuplicateObj\fR prior to any |
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| 195 | in-place modification of the string representation. |
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| 196 | The procedure \fBTcl_GetString\fR is used in the common case |
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| 197 | where the caller does not need the length of the string |
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| 198 | representation. |
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| 199 | .PP |
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| 200 | \fBTcl_GetUnicodeFromObj\fR and \fBTcl_GetUnicode\fR return an object's |
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| 201 | value as a Unicode string. This is given by the returned pointer and |
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| 202 | (for \fBTcl_GetUnicodeFromObj\fR) length, which is stored in |
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| 203 | \fIlengthPtr\fR if it is non-NULL. The storage referenced by the returned |
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| 204 | byte pointer is owned by the object manager and should not be modified by |
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| 205 | the caller. The procedure \fBTcl_GetUnicode\fR is used in the common case |
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| 206 | where the caller does not need the length of the unicode string |
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| 207 | representation. |
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| 208 | .PP |
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| 209 | \fBTcl_GetUniChar\fR returns the \fIindex\fR'th character in the |
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| 210 | object's Unicode representation. |
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| 211 | .PP |
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| 212 | \fBTcl_GetRange\fR returns a newly created object comprised of the |
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| 213 | characters between \fIfirst\fR and \fIlast\fR (inclusive) in the |
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| 214 | object's Unicode representation. If the object's Unicode |
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| 215 | representation is invalid, the Unicode representation is regenerated |
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| 216 | from the object's string representation. |
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| 217 | .PP |
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| 218 | \fBTcl_GetCharLength\fR returns the number of characters (as opposed |
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| 219 | to bytes) in the string object. |
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| 220 | .PP |
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| 221 | \fBTcl_AppendToObj\fR appends the data given by \fIbytes\fR and |
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| 222 | \fIlength\fR to the string representation of the object specified by |
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| 223 | \fIobjPtr\fR. If the object has an invalid string representation, |
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| 224 | then an attempt is made to convert \fIbytes\fR is to the Unicode |
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| 225 | format. If the conversion is successful, then the converted form of |
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| 226 | \fIbytes\fR is appended to the object's Unicode representation. |
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| 227 | Otherwise, the object's Unicode representation is invalidated and |
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| 228 | converted to the UTF format, and \fIbytes\fR is appended to the |
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| 229 | object's new string representation. |
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| 230 | .PP |
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| 231 | \fBTcl_AppendUnicodeToObj\fR appends the Unicode string given by |
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| 232 | \fIunicode\fR and \fInumChars\fR to the object specified by |
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| 233 | \fIobjPtr\fR. If the object has an invalid Unicode representation, |
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| 234 | then \fIunicode\fR is converted to the UTF format and appended to the |
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| 235 | object's string representation. Appends are optimized to handle |
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| 236 | repeated appends relatively efficiently (it overallocates the string |
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| 237 | or Unicode space to avoid repeated reallocations and copies of |
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| 238 | object's string value). |
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| 239 | .PP |
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| 240 | \fBTcl_AppendObjToObj\fR is similar to \fBTcl_AppendToObj\fR, but it |
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| 241 | appends the string or Unicode value (whichever exists and is best |
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| 242 | suited to be appended to \fIobjPtr\fR) of \fIappendObjPtr\fR to |
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| 243 | \fIobjPtr\fR. |
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| 244 | .PP |
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| 245 | \fBTcl_AppendStringsToObj\fR is similar to \fBTcl_AppendToObj\fR |
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| 246 | except that it can be passed more than one value to append and |
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| 247 | each value must be a null-terminated string (i.e. none of the |
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| 248 | values may contain internal null characters). Any number of |
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| 249 | \fIstring\fR arguments may be provided, but the last argument |
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| 250 | must be a NULL pointer to indicate the end of the list. |
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| 251 | .PP |
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| 252 | \fBTcl_AppendStringsToObjVA\fR is the same as \fBTcl_AppendStringsToObj\fR |
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| 253 | except that instead of taking a variable number of arguments it takes an |
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| 254 | argument list. |
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| 255 | .PP |
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| 256 | .VS 8.5 |
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| 257 | \fBTcl_AppendLimitedToObj\fR is similar to \fBTcl_AppendToObj\fR |
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| 258 | except that it imposes a limit on how many bytes are appended. |
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| 259 | This can be handy when the string to be appended might be |
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| 260 | very large, but the value being constructed should not be allowed to grow |
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| 261 | without bound. A common usage is when constructing an error message, where the |
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| 262 | end result should be kept short enough to be read. |
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| 263 | Bytes from \fIbytes\fR are appended to \fIobjPtr\fR, but no more |
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| 264 | than \fIlimit\fR bytes total are to be appended. If the limit prevents |
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| 265 | all \fIlength\fR bytes that are available from being appended, then the |
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| 266 | appending is done so that the last bytes appended are from the |
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| 267 | string \fIellipsis\fR. This allows for an indication of the truncation |
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| 268 | to be left in the string. |
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| 269 | When \fIlength\fR is \fB-1\fR, all bytes up to the first zero byte are appended, |
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| 270 | subject to the limit. When \fIellipsis\fR is NULL, the default |
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| 271 | string \fB...\fR is used. When \fIellipsis\fR is non-NULL, it must point |
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| 272 | to a zero-byte-terminated string in Tcl's internal UTF encoding. |
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| 273 | The number of bytes appended can be less than the lesser |
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| 274 | of \fIlength\fR and \fIlimit\fR when appending fewer |
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| 275 | bytes is necessary to append only whole multi-byte characters. |
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| 276 | .PP |
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| 277 | \fBTcl_Format\fR is the C-level interface to the engine of the \fBformat\fR |
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| 278 | command. The actual command procedure for \fBformat\fR is little more |
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| 279 | than |
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| 280 | .CS |
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| 281 | Tcl_Format(interp, Tcl_GetString(objv[1]), objc-2, objv+2); |
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| 282 | .CE |
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| 283 | The \fIobjc\fR Tcl_Obj values in \fIobjv\fR are formatted into a string |
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| 284 | according to the conversion specification in \fIformat\fR argument, following |
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| 285 | the documentation for the \fBformat\fR command. The resulting formatted |
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| 286 | string is converted to a new Tcl_Obj with refcount of zero and returned. |
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| 287 | If some error happens during production of the formatted string, NULL is |
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| 288 | returned, and an error message is recorded in \fIinterp\fR, if \fIinterp\fR |
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| 289 | is non-NULL. |
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| 290 | .PP |
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| 291 | \fBTcl_AppendFormatToObj\fR is an appending alternative form |
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| 292 | of \fBTcl_Format\fR with functionality equivalent to |
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| 293 | .CS |
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| 294 | Tcl_Obj *newPtr = Tcl_Format(interp, format, objc, objv); |
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| 295 | if (newPtr == NULL) return TCL_ERROR; |
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| 296 | Tcl_AppendObjToObj(objPtr, newPtr); |
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| 297 | return TCL_OK; |
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| 298 | .CE |
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| 299 | but with greater convenience and efficiency when the appending |
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| 300 | functionality is needed. |
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| 301 | .PP |
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| 302 | \fBTcl_ObjPrintf\fR serves as a replacement for the common sequence |
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| 303 | .CS |
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| 304 | char buf[SOME_SUITABLE_LENGTH]; |
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| 305 | sprintf(buf, format, ...); |
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| 306 | Tcl_NewStringObj(buf, -1); |
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| 307 | .CE |
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| 308 | but with greater convenience and no need to |
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| 309 | determine \fBSOME_SUITABLE_LENGTH\fR. The formatting is done with the same |
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| 310 | core formatting engine used by \fBTcl_Format\fR. This means the set of |
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| 311 | supported conversion specifiers is that of the \fBformat\fR command and |
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| 312 | not that of the \fBsprintf\fR routine where the two sets differ. When a |
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| 313 | conversion specifier passed to \fBTcl_ObjPrintf\fR includes a precision, |
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| 314 | the value is taken as a number of bytes, as \fBsprintf\fR does, and not |
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| 315 | as a number of characters, as \fBformat\fR does. This is done on the |
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| 316 | assumption that C code is more likely to know how many bytes it is |
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| 317 | passing around than the number of encoded characters those bytes happen |
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| 318 | to represent. The variable number of arguments passed in should be of |
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| 319 | the types that would be suitable for passing to \fBsprintf\fR. Note in |
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| 320 | this example usage, \fIx\fR is of type \fBlong\fR. |
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| 321 | .CS |
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| 322 | long x = 5; |
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| 323 | Tcl_Obj *objPtr = Tcl_ObjPrintf("Value is %d", x); |
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| 324 | .CE |
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| 325 | If the value of \fIformat\fR contains internal inconsistencies or invalid |
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| 326 | specifier formats, the formatted string result produced by |
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| 327 | \fBTcl_ObjPrintf\fR will be an error message describing the error. |
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| 328 | .PP |
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| 329 | \fBTcl_AppendPrintfToObj\fR is an appending alternative form |
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| 330 | of \fBTcl_ObjPrintf\fR with functionality equivalent to |
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| 331 | .CS |
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| 332 | Tcl_AppendObjToObj(objPtr, Tcl_ObjPrintf(format, ...)); |
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| 333 | .CE |
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| 334 | but with greater convenience and efficiency when the appending |
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| 335 | functionality is needed. |
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| 336 | .VE 8.5 |
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| 337 | .PP |
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| 338 | The \fBTcl_SetObjLength\fR procedure changes the length of the |
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| 339 | string value of its \fIobjPtr\fR argument. If the \fInewLength\fR |
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| 340 | argument is greater than the space allocated for the object's |
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| 341 | string, then the string space is reallocated and the old value |
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| 342 | is copied to the new space; the bytes between the old length of |
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| 343 | the string and the new length may have arbitrary values. |
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| 344 | If the \fInewLength\fR argument is less than the current length |
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| 345 | of the object's string, with \fIobjPtr->length\fR is reduced without |
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| 346 | reallocating the string space; the original allocated size for the |
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| 347 | string is recorded in the object, so that the string length can be |
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| 348 | enlarged in a subsequent call to \fBTcl_SetObjLength\fR without |
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| 349 | reallocating storage. In all cases \fBTcl_SetObjLength\fR leaves |
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| 350 | a null character at \fIobjPtr->bytes[newLength]\fR. |
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| 351 | .PP |
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| 352 | \fBTcl_AttemptSetObjLength\fR is identical in function to |
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| 353 | \fBTcl_SetObjLength\fR except that if sufficient memory to satisfy the |
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| 354 | request cannot be allocated, it does not cause the Tcl interpreter to |
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| 355 | \fBpanic\fR. Thus, if \fInewLength\fR is greater than the space |
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| 356 | allocated for the object's string, and there is not enough memory |
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| 357 | available to satisfy the request, \fBTcl_AttemptSetObjLength\fR will take |
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| 358 | no action and return 0 to indicate failure. If there is enough memory |
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| 359 | to satisfy the request, \fBTcl_AttemptSetObjLength\fR behaves just like |
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| 360 | \fBTcl_SetObjLength\fR and returns 1 to indicate success. |
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| 361 | .PP |
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| 362 | The \fBTcl_ConcatObj\fR function returns a new string object whose |
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| 363 | value is the space-separated concatenation of the string |
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| 364 | representations of all of the objects in the \fIobjv\fR |
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| 365 | array. \fBTcl_ConcatObj\fR eliminates leading and trailing white space |
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| 366 | as it copies the string representations of the \fIobjv\fR array to the |
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| 367 | result. If an element of the \fIobjv\fR array consists of nothing but |
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| 368 | white space, then that object is ignored entirely. This white-space |
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| 369 | removal was added to make the output of the \fBconcat\fR command |
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| 370 | cleaner-looking. \fBTcl_ConcatObj\fR returns a pointer to a |
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| 371 | newly-created object whose ref count is zero. |
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| 372 | |
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| 373 | .SH "SEE ALSO" |
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| 374 | Tcl_NewObj, Tcl_IncrRefCount, Tcl_DecrRefCount, format, sprintf |
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| 375 | |
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| 376 | .SH KEYWORDS |
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| 377 | append, internal representation, object, object type, string object, |
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| 378 | string type, string representation, concat, concatenate, unicode |
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