/*
 *   ORXONOX - the hottest 3D action shooter ever to exist
 *                    > www.orxonox.net <
 *
 *
 *   License notice:
 *
 *   This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 *   modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
 *   as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
 *   of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
 *
 *   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 *   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 *   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 *   GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 *   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 *   along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 *   Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301, USA.
 *
 *   Author:
 *      Benjamin Grauer
 *      Fabian 'x3n' Landau
 *      Reto Grieder (direct conversion tests)
 *   Co-authors:
 *      ...
 */

/*!
    @file
    @brief Definition and Implementation of the Convert class.
*/

#ifndef _Converter_H__
#define _Converter_H__

#include "UtilPrereqs.h"

#include <string>
#include <sstream>
#include <istream>
#include <ostream>

#include "Debug.h"

// Gcc generates warnings when implicitely casting from float to int for instance.
// This is however exactly what convertValue does, so we need to suppress the warnings.
// They only occur in when using the ImplicitConversion template.
#if ORXONOX_COMPILER == ORXONOX_COMPILER_GNUC
#  pragma GCC system_header
#endif

///////////////////////////////////////////////
// Static detection for conversion functions //
///////////////////////////////////////////////
/* The idea to use the sizeof() operator on return functions to determine function existance
   is described in 'Moder C++ design' by Alexandrescu (2001). */

namespace conversionTests
{
    // A struct that is guaranteed to be larger than any return type of our conversion functions.
    // So we simply add all the sizes of the return types plus a little bit more.
    struct VeryBigStruct
    {
        char intSize[sizeof(int)];
        char issSize[sizeof(std::istringstream)];
        char ossSize[sizeof(std::ostringstream)];
        char boolSize[sizeof(bool)];
        char addingMore[4096]; // just to be sure ;)
    };
}

namespace conversion_another_namespace
{
    // We want to keep the templates for the convert functions out of global namespace so that there
    // are no ambiguities. These templates are never used anyway, they only serve to detect whether
    // there is a global funciton for a specific conversion or not.
    // Why the seperate namespace? --> see 'using' statement at the end of conversionTests::
    //template <class AnyToType, class AnyFromType>
    //conversionTests::VeryBigStruct explicitConversion(AnyToType* output, const AnyFromType input);
    //template <class Any, int Dummy>
    //conversionTests::VeryBigStruct operator<<(std::ostream& outstream, const Any& anything);
    //template <class Any, int Dummy>
    //conversionTests::VeryBigStruct operator>>(std::istream& instream,  const Any& anything);
}

namespace conversionTests
{
// disable warnings about possible loss of data
#if ORXONOX_COMPILER == ORXONOX_COMPILER_MSVC
#  pragma warning(push)
#  pragma warning(disable:4244)
#endif

    template <class FromType, class ToType>
    class ImplicitConversion
    {
    private:
        ImplicitConversion(); ImplicitConversion(const ImplicitConversion&); ~ImplicitConversion();
        // Gets chosen only if there is an implicit conversion from FromType to ToType.
        static int test(ToType);
        // Accepts any argument. Why do we not use a template? The reason is that with templates,
        // the function above is only taken iff it is an exact type match. But since we want to
        // check for implicit conversion, we have to use the ellipsis.
        static VeryBigStruct   test(...);
        static FromType object; // helper object to handle private c'tor and d'tor
    public:
        // test(object) only has 'VerySmallStruct' return type iff the compiler doesn't choose test(...)
        enum { exists = !(sizeof(test(object)) == sizeof(VeryBigStruct)) };
    };

#if ORXONOX_COMPILER == ORXONOX_COMPILER_MSVC
#  pragma warning(pop)
#endif

    //template <class FromType, class ToType>
    //class ExplicitConversion
    //{
    //private:
    //    ExplicitConversion(); ExplicitConversion(const ExplicitConversion&); ~ExplicitConversion();
    //    static FromType objectFromType; // helper object to handle private c'tor and d'tor
    //    static ToType   objectToType;   // helper object to handle private c'tor and d'tor
    //public:
    //    enum { exists = !(sizeof(explicitConversion(&objectToType, objectFromType)) == sizeof(VeryBigStruct)) };
    //};

    //template <class Type>
    //class IStreamOperator
    //{
    //    IStreamOperator(); IStreamOperator(const IStreamOperator&); ~IStreamOperator();
    //    static std::istream istream_; // helper object to perform the '>>' operation
    //    static Type object;           // helper object to handle private c'tor and d'tor
    //public:
    //    enum { exists = !(sizeof(istream_ >> object) == sizeof(VeryBigStruct)) };
    //};

    //template <class Type>
    //class OStreamOperator
    //{
    //    OStreamOperator(); OStreamOperator(const OStreamOperator&); ~OStreamOperator();
    //    static std::ostream ostream_; // helper object to perform the '<<' operation
    //    static Type object;           // helper object to handle private c'tor and d'tor
    //public:
    //    enum { exists = !(sizeof(ostream_ << object) == sizeof(VeryBigStruct)) };
    //};

    // Somehow msvc and gcc don't like it when using function arguments that have a type
    // in a third namespace. The global namespace functions then get overridden by the
    // templates above. So we simply put the generic ones in a another namespace.
    // Note: DON'T place this statement before a class template. That would trigger
    //       a heavy bug (namespace leakage) in msvc 2005.
    //using namespace conversion_another_namespace;
}


////////////////////////////////////
//// ACTUAL CONVERSION SEQUENCE ////
////////////////////////////////////
/*
    There is a distinct priority when choosing the right conversion function:
    Overwrites:
    1. (Partial) template specialisation of ConverterExplicit::convert
    2. Global functions explicitConversion(ToType* output, const FromType input)
    Fallbacks:
    3. Any possible implicit conversion. This includes FooBar --> int if FooBar defines operator float().
    4. Global or member operators for stringstream when converting from or to std::string (or FROM const char*)
    5. Function that simply displays "Could not convert value" with information obtained from typeid().

    A note: There has to be an exact type match (or according to the rules of template spec.) except for 3.

    There are obviously a lot of ways to specifiy a user defined conversion. What should I use?
    When using any non-template function based conversion (implicit conversion, explicitConversion, << or >>)
    then you should consider that this function has to be defined prior to including this file.
    If you do not whish do do that, you will have to spcecialsize the ConverterExplicit template.
    There is a not so obvious advantage of the other way (non-template): You could declare each conversion function
    in the Prereqs file of the corresponding library. Then you can use the conversion everywhere.
    This is not possible with template specialisations even when defining them in this file (You would create
    a circular dependency when using a class from Core for instance, because complete template specialisations
    get compiled anyway (there is no template parameter)).
*/

namespace
{
    // little template that maps to ints to entire types (Alexandrescu 2001)
    template <int I>
    struct Int2Type { };
}


///////////////////
// No Conversion //
///////////////////

namespace conversion
{
    // Default template for stringtream, no Conversion possible
    template <class ToType, class FromType>
    struct ConverterSS
    {
        static bool convert(ToType* output, FromType input)
        {
            COUT(2) << "Could not convert value of type " << typeid(FromType).name()
                    << " to type " << typeid(ToType).name() << std::endl;
            return false;
        }
    };
}


/////////////
// OStream //
/////////////

namespace fallbackTemplates
{
    template <class Any>
    bool operator <<(std::ostream& outstream,  const Any& anything)
    {
        COUT(2) << "Could not convert value of type " << typeid(Any).name()
                << " to std::string" << std::endl;
        return false;
    }
}

namespace conversion
{
    //using namespace fallbackTemplates;
    // template that evaluates whether OStringStream is possible for conversions to std::string
    template <class FromType>
    struct ConverterSS<std::string, FromType>
    {
        // probe for '<<' ostream operator
        static bool convert(std::string* output, const FromType& input)
        {
            std::ostringstream oss;
            if (oss << input)
            {
                (*output) = oss.str();
                return true;
            }
            else
                return false;
        }
    };

}


/////////////
// IStream //
/////////////

namespace fallbackTemplates
{
    template <class Any>
    bool operator >>(std::istream& instream,  const Any& anything)
    {
        COUT(2) << "Could not convert std::string value to type " << typeid(ToType).name() << std::endl;
        return false;
    }
}

namespace conversion
{
    // template that evaluates whether IStringStream is possible for conversions from std::string
    template <class ToType>
    struct ConverterSS<ToType, std::string>
    {
        static bool convert(ToType* output, const std::string& input)
        {
            std::istringstream iss(input);
            if (iss >> (*output))
            {
                return true;
            }
            else
                return false;
        }
    };

    using namespace fallbackTemplates;
}


///////////////////
// Implicit Cast //
///////////////////

// We can cast implicitely
template <class ToType, class FromType>
inline bool convertImplicitely(ToType* output, const FromType& input, ::Int2Type<true>)
{
    (*output) = static_cast<ToType>(input);
    return true;
}
// static cast no possible, try stringstream conversion next
template <class ToType, class FromType>
inline bool convertImplicitely(ToType* output, const FromType& input, ::Int2Type<false>)
{
    return conversion::ConverterSS<ToType, FromType>::convert(output, input);
}


/////////////////////////
// Explicit conversion //
/////////////////////////

namespace fallbackTemplates
{
    // We want to keep the templates for the convert functions out of global namespace so that there
    // are no ambiguities. These templates are never used anyway, they only serve to detect whether
    // there is a global funciton for a specific conversion or not.
    // Note: Don't put these functions in a separate namespace and add a 'using' directive here.
    // For MS sake, just don't!
    template <class ToType, class FromType>
    bool explicitConversion(ToType* output, const FromType input)
    {
        // try implict conversion by probing first because we use '...' instead of a template
        const bool probe = conversionTests::ImplicitConversion<FromType, ToType>::exists;
        //using namespace conversion;
        return convertImplicitely(output, input, ::Int2Type<probe>());
    }
}


/////////////////////
// Local Overwrite //
/////////////////////

// Template that is used when no explicit template specialisation is available.
// Try explicitConversion() function next.
template <class ToType, class FromType>
struct ConverterExplicit
{
    static bool convert(ToType* output, const FromType& input)
    {
        using namespace fallbackTemplates;
        return explicitConversion(output, input);
    }
};


//////////////////////
// Public Functions //
//////////////////////

/**
@brief
    Converts any value to any other as long as there exits a conversion.
    Otherwise, the conversion will generate a runtime warning.
    For information about the different conversion methods (user defined too), see the section
    'Actual conversion sequence' in this file above.
*/
template <class ToType, class FromType>
inline bool convertValue(ToType* output, const FromType& input)
{
    // check whether we can convert one type to the other explicitely via explicit template specialisations
    return ConverterExplicit<ToType, FromType>::convert(output, input);
}

// For compatibility reasons. The same, but with capital ConvertValue
template<class FromType, class ToType>
inline bool ConvertValue(ToType* output, const FromType& input)
{
    return convertValue(output, input);
}

// Calls convertValue and returns true if the conversion was successful.
// Otherwise the fallback is used.
template<class FromType, class ToType>
inline bool ConvertValue(ToType* output, const FromType& input, const ToType& fallback)
{
    if (convertValue(output, input))
        return true;

    (*output) = fallback;
    return false;
}

// Directly returns the converted value, even if the conversion was not successful.
template<class FromType, class ToType>
inline ToType getConvertedValue(const FromType& input)
{
    ToType output;
    ConvertValue(&output, input);
    return output;
}

// Directly returns the converted value, but uses the fallback on failure.
template<class FromType, class ToType>
inline ToType getConvertedValue(const FromType& input, const ToType& fallback)
{
    ToType output;
    ConvertValue(&output, input, fallback);
    return output;
}

// Like getConvertedValue, but the template argument order is in reverse.
// That means you can call it exactly like static_cast<ToType>(fromTypeValue).
template<class ToType, class FromType>
inline ToType conversion_cast(const FromType& input)
{
    ToType output;
    ConvertValue(&output, input);
    return output;
}

// Like conversion_cast above, but uses a fallback on failure.
template<class ToType, class FromType>
inline ToType conversion_cast(const FromType& input, const ToType& fallback)
{
    ToType output;
    ConvertValue(&output, input, fallback);
    return output;
}


////////////////////////////////
// Special string conversions //
////////////////////////////////

// delegate conversion from const char* to std::string
template <class ToType>
inline bool explicitConversion(ToType* output, const char* input)
{
    return ConverterExplicit<ToType, std::string>::convert(output, input);
}

// These conversions would exhibit ambiguous << or >> operators when using stringstream
inline bool explicitConversion(std::string* output, const char input)
{
    *output = std::string(1, input);
    return true;
}
inline bool explicitConversion(std::string* output, const unsigned char input)
{
    *output = std::string(1, input);
    return true;
}
inline bool explicitConversion(char* output, const std::string input)
{
    if (input != "")
        *output = input[0];
    else
        *output = '\0';
    return true;
}
inline bool explicitConversion(unsigned char* output, const std::string input)
{
    if (input != "")
        *output = input[0];
    else
        *output = '\0';
    return true;
}

#endif /* _Convert_H__ */